Pimples (acne, zits, spots) affect the skin of the majority of teenagers and a significant number of adults. Some individuals are lucky and have occasional breakouts, while others may experience ongoing (chronic) problems. The presence of pimples on the skin, especially the face, may cause anxiety and/or embarrassment.
Experts say that acne should be treated promptly, especially if the individual is prone to getting pimples.
Self-help pimple treatments
Washing your face about twice each day - not more often. Make sure you have a mild soap. Use warm water. Wash gently; do not scrub the skin. Experts advise the use of an OTC lotion which contains benzoyl peroxide.
Do not pop (burst) the pimple - there is a risk you may push the infection further down, causing more serious blockage and worse swelling and redness. Popping pimples also increases the risk of scarring.
If you need to get rid of it - if you have an important event, such as a public-speaking engagement or a wedding and it is important to get rid of a sightly pimple, get a specialist to treat it for you.
Touching your face - even though this may require some willpower, try to refrain from touching your face with your hands. If you are using a telephone, do not let receiver touch the skin of your face - it may have skin residue or sebum on it. Before touching your face make sure you always wash your hands with soap.
Hand hygiene - keep your hands and nails as clean as you can by washing them regularly with soap. Keep your nails short.
Glasses (spectacles) - glasses collect sebum and skin residue; clean them regularly.
Loose clothing - if the pimples are on parts of your body covered by clothing, such as your back, shoulders or chest, wear loose clothing. Whenever possible, avoid wearing headbands, caps and scarves - if you have to wear them, wash them regularly. In short - allow your skin to breathe.
Make up - make sure you have taken all your make up off when you go to sleep. Only use makeup that is nonceomedogenic or nonacnegenic - you should be able to read this on the label.
Hair - sebum and skin collects in hair. Keep your hair clean. Try to keep your hair away from your face.
Sun exposure - overexposure to sunlight may sometimes result in the production of more sebum. Some medications used by people with acne may make your skin more prone to sunburn.
Shaving your face - be careful when you shave. Either use safety razors (make sure blade is sharp) or an electric shaver. Before shaving, soften the skin with warm, soapy water before applying the shaving cream - the skin is softer straight after a warm shower.
Over-the-counter (OTC) pimple treatments
The majority of OTC products for pimples/acne contain the following active ingredients:
Resorcinol - this helps break down blackheads and/or whiteheads. It is a crystalline phenol (carbolic acid, C6H5OH) and comes from various resins. This active ingredient is also used for the treatment of dandruff, eczema and psoriasis.
Benzoyl Peroxide, (C6H5CO) 2O2 - this active ingredient attacks and kills bacteria and slows down the glands' production of oil. Benzoyl works as a peeling agent, accelerating skin turnover and clearing pores, which in turn reduces the bacterial count in the affected area.
Salicylic Acid, C6H4 (OH)COOH - helps break down blackheads and whiteheads, also slows down the shedding of cells which line the follicles of the oil glands, effective in treating inflammation and swelling. Salicylic acid is a white crystalline substance which is also used as a fungicide, or in making aspirin or dyes or perfumes. It causes the epidermis to shed skin more easily, prevents pores from becoming blocked, while at the same time allowing space for new cells to grow. Many dandruff shampoos contain salicylic acid.
Sulfur - a chemical element which is denoted with the symbol S. It helps break down blackheads and whiteheads. Sulfur, in its native form, is a yellow crystalline solid. Sulfur has been used for centuries for treating acne, psoriasis and eczema. Scientists are not sure how sulfur works to help skin diseases. We do know that elemental sulfur does oxidize slowly to sulfurous acid which is a mild reducing and antibacterial agent.
Retin-A - helps unplug blocked pores. Retin-A contains Tretinoin, an acid form of vitamin A, also known as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Tretinoin is also used for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Retin-A has been used widely to combat aging of the skin, it also acts as a chemical peel. It was the first retinoid developed for acne use by applying it on the skin (retinoids are a class of chemical compounds that are related chemically to vitamin A).
Azelaic Acid, HOOC(CH2)7CCOH - strengthens cells that line the follicles, stops oil eruptions, reduces bacteria growth. It is a saturated dicarboxylic acid found naturally in wheat, rye, and barley. Azelaic acid also mops up free radicals, which reduces inflammation. It is useful for patients with darker skin who have dark patches on their face (melasma), or whose acne spots leave persistent brown marks.
Most of these active ingredients may be found in medications in the form of gels, pads, creams, lotions and soaps. OTC medications will have different concentrations of these active ingredients; it is advisable to start with the lowest strengths. At first you may experience skin irritation, redness, or burning - eventually, after continued use, these side effects go away.
People with sensitive skin generally go for creams or lotions.


Gels tend to be better for people with oily skins. Gels are usually alcohol based and dry the skin.
What can make the pimples worse?
The menstrual cycle - females with pimples often find signs and symptoms worsen one or two weeks before their period (menstrual cycle) arrives. Experts say this is most likely due to hormonal changes that occur. Some females blame chocolates - they say they consume more chocolates during the week or two prior to their period. However, there is no evidence that links chocolate consumption to pimples.
Stress and anxiety - hormonal levels may be affected by anxiety or stress, especially levels of adrenaline and cortisol. Both these hormones are thought to make acne worse.
Some climates - especially ones that make the individual sweat more, can cause acne to worsen. An individual who is prone to pimples may find it more difficult to cope in hot and humid climates.
Some make ups - any make up that contains oil can make pimples worse in some susceptible individuals.
Greasy hair - hair may become greasy as a result of using some hair products, such as those with cocoa or coconut butter.
Bursting the pimple - the infection may be pushed down deeper. There is also a risk of scarring.
Sources: National Health Service (NHS), UK, The Mayo Clinic, Wikipedia, HHS (Department of Health and Human Services USA), NIH (National Institutes of Health, USA).
Further reading

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A study recently published in Archives of Internal Medicine found that a diet containing nuts, including pistachios, significantly lowered total and LDL-cholesterol levels, in addition to triglycerides. The 600 subject, 25 clinical trial study, conducted in seven counties, is the most comprehensive study of its kind and further substantiates the evidence that nuts can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
The report, authored by Dr. Joan Sabaté of Loma Linda University's School of Public Health, and funded by the International Tree Nut Council Nutrition Research & Education Foundation, set out to quantify the cholesterol-reducing benefits of various nuts, such as pistachios, by analyzing previously published human clinical trials.
A Daily Dose of Nuts Offers Significant Results
The authors reviewed the results of 25 human clinical trials published from 1992 through 2007. The analysis included data from 583 men and women, aged 19 to 86 years old. Among the studies, nut consumption ranged from less than one ounce to 4.75 ounces per day. The average daily intake for the meta-analysis was 67 grams per day or 2.4 ounces.
The results found that when 67 grams of nuts were consumed, triglycerides were reduced by 10.2 percent among those with high triglyceride levels at the onset of the study; and total and LDL-cholesterol were lowered by 5.1 percent and 7.4 percent, respectively. Individuals with higher baseline LDL-cholesterol levels also experienced a greater reduction in total and LDL-cholesterol levels compared to those with normal baseline LDL levels. Subjects following a typical Western-diet also experienced a greater reduction in total and LDL-cholesterol levels (-7.4 percent and - 9.6 percent, respectively) compared to a low-fat (-4.1 percent and -6.0 percent, respectively) or a Mediterranean diet (-4.1 percent and -6.0 percent, respectively).
Another important finding was that greater cholesterol lowering benefits were seen in individuals with a lower BMI compared to those with a higher BMI. Additionally, cholesterol levels were reduced in a dose-dependent result, with benefits seen in as low as a one-ounce serving per day; the greatest benefits were seen when 20 percent of calories were consumed daily from nuts. For the typical 2,000-calorie diet, 20 percent equals 400 calories of nuts or 2.4 ounces (about 120) pistachios.

Pistachios' Unique Nutrient Profile Provides "Hearty" Promise


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In general, radiation is a process where energy emitted by one body travels in a straight line through a medium or through space. Radiation comes from the sun, nuclear reactors, microwave ovens, radio antennas, X-ray machines, and power lines, to name a few.
Radiation can be classified as either ionizing or non-ionizing. Non-ionizing radiation is lower energy radiation that comes from the lower part of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is called non-ionizing because it does not have enough energy to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule. Examples include visible light, infrared light, microwave radiation, radio waves, and longwave (low frequency) radiation.
Ionizing radiation has enough energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules - the process of ionization. It comes from both subatomic particles and the shorter wavelength portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Examples include ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays from the electromagnetic spectrum and subatomic particles such as alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons. Subatomic particles are usually emitted as an atom decays and loses protons, neutrons, electrons, or their antiparticles.
Visit our specialized news sections
Radiology / Nuclear Medicine News
MRI / PET / Ultrasound News
Cancer / Oncology News
How is radiation measured?
Measuring radiation is complex and utilizes several different units. Scientists measure the amount of radiation being emitted in the conventional unit called the curie (Ci) or the SI unit called the becquerel (Bq). These units express the number of disintegrations (or breakdowns in the nucleus of an element) per second as the element tries to reach a stable or nonradioactive state. One Bq is equal to one disintegration per second and one Ci is equal to 37 billion Bq.
When measuring the amount of radiation that a person is exposed to or the amount of energy absorbed by the body's tissues, two units are used: the conventional Roentgen (or radiated) absorbed dose (rad) and the SI gray (Gy). One Gy is equal to 100 rad.
If a scientist is measuring a person's biological risk of suffering health effects of radiation, the units of measurement are the conventional Roentgen equivalent man (rem) or the SI sievert (Sv). One Sv is equal to 100 rem.
Scientists suggest that a form of vitamin D could be one of our body's main protections against damage from low levels of radiation.
Related articles
What is MRI? How does MRI work?
What is a PET scan? How does a PET scan work?
What is a CAT scan? What is a CT scan?
What is cancer? What causes cancer?
To put some of these values into perspective, consider the following examples:
Light radiation sickness tends to begin at about 50-100 rad (or 0.5-1 Gy, 0.5-1 Sv, 50-100 rem, 50,000-100,000 mrem).
Exposure to cosmic rays during a roundtrip airplane flight from New York to Los Angeles results in 3 mrem (1 millirem = 1/1000th of a rem) or 0.03 mSv of absorbed radiation.
One dental X-ray is 4 - 15 mrem or 0.04 - 0.15 mSv, one chest X-rays 10 mrem 0.1 mSv, and one mammogram is 70 mrem or 0.7 mSv.
One year of exposure to natural radiation (from soil, cosmic rays, etc.) is about 300 mrem or 3 mSv.
The risk of developing cancer among radiation workers increases with the dose of ionising radiation they are exposed to, a British study found. The same study also reported that overall mortality in the UK's 175,000 radiation workers is lower than that in the general population
How is radiation used in medical imaging?
There is a branch of medicine called radiology that focuses on diagnosing and treating diseases using imaging technologies based on radiation. Common imaging techniques include:
Projectional Radiography - X-ray radiation is directed through part of the body, which absorbs some of the radiation. Hard tissue such as bone absorbs more than soft tissue such as muscle. The X-rays that are not absorbed pass through the body and expose photographic film on the other side of the body, creating a shadow effect. Different X-ray strengths are employed depending on the part of the body that is being studied. Common projections include a chest X-ray, breast X-ray (mammography), dental X-ray (dental radiograph), and abdominal X-ray.
Fluoroscopy (angiography, gastrointestinal fluoroscopy) - These are X-rays that use a contrast (usually iodine- or barium-based) in order to provide moving projections or images of movement inside the body. Angiography is used to view the cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal fluoroscopy is used to view the gastrointestinal tract.
Computed Tomography (CT) - a CT scan uses X-rays and computers to create images that show slices of soft and hard tissues. Contrast agents are often used during CT scans, and the result is a 3D reconstruction of the part of the body being imaged. Widespread screening for the buildup of calcium in the arteries using computed tomography scans would lead to an estimated 42 additional radiation-induced cancer cases per 100,000 men and 62 cases per 100,000 women, a study revealed.
Ultrasound - Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to see soft tissues inside the body. Since the test uses sound waves, no ionizing or potentially damaging radiation is absorbed by the body. Ultrasounds can show images in real time, but they cannot be used to image bones, lungs, bowel loops, or other air-filled body parts.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - An MRI uses strong magnetic fields and a radio signal to take high quality 3D images of the body. Although an MRI requires a patient to lie very still in a noisy tube for a long period of time, the scan provided excellent visualizations of soft tissue. MRIs do not use any damaging ionizing radiation, only strong magnetic fields and non-ionizing radio frequencies.
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or bone densitometry) - Commonly used to test for osteoporosis, DEXA scans use two narrow X-ray beams to collect information on the density of the bone. No images of the bone are created, and so this scan is not considered projectional radiography.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - A PET scan is a nuclear medicine imaging technique that uses a radioactive contrast agent that is injected into the body. This tracer eventually begins to radioactively decay and emits positron particles that are picked up by the PET scanner. A computer is used to reconstruct 3D images.
How is radiation used in medical treatment?
Many of the radiological imaging techniques described above are used during diagnosis and treatment. For example, ultrasounds and X-rays may be used to guide biopsy procedures, and ultrasounds are used to break up kidney stones, making them easier to pass. The branch of medicine that focuses on the use of radiation for treatment (and imaging) is called nuclear medicine. Nuclear medicine uses special pharmaceuticals called radiopharmaceuticals that have as a component radionuclides - atoms with an unstable nucleus. Radiotherapy is the practice of using these radioactive particles for the treatment of diseases.
Radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation to treat diseases such as cancer, coronary artery disease, trigeminal neuralgia, severe thyroid eye disease, and pterygium and to prepare the body for bone marrow transplants.
Sometimes radiation can effectively help cancer patients who are not eligible for surgery. A system called stereotactic body radiation therapy may be effective in treating early-stage lung cancer, scientists from the University of Kentucky's Markey Cancer Center found.
When a cure is not possible, radiotherapy or radiation treatment may be used for palliative care, or the management of symptoms.
In treating many types of cancer, radiation therapy aims to damage the DNA of the cancer cells so that they will commit suicide. A beam of radiation (photon, electron, proton, neutron, or ion, but usually gamma rays from the Cobalt-60 isotope) is carefully directed towards the malignant cancer cells with the goal of ionizing or damaging the atoms that make up the DNA chain. This kills the cancer cells and/or slows down their growth. Radiation treatments can result in the absorption of several sieverts (Sv). Although radiotherapy is a painless procedure, it carries side effects as the body absorbs this ionizing radiation.

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